tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17740560042060515322024-03-07T20:51:06.996-08:00clinicalchemistry13-csonnyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15322459954054685448noreply@blogger.comBlogger3125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1774056004206051532.post-63121081841440839692011-07-07T06:56:00.000-07:002011-07-07T06:56:37.036-07:00animal and plant toxins<div align="justify"><span style="color: blue;">TOXIN </span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: blue;">A substance produced within living organisms and cells which are poisonous and are capable of causing diseases are called toxins. This term was first used by an organic chemist Ludwig Brieger. These toxins are considered separately since they are from different origins. </span></div><div align="justify"><br />
</div><div align="justify"><span style="color: blue;">PLANT TOXINS</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: blue;">Recently, a research shows that common plant toxins have been found in smoke from forest fires affect human health and the ecosystem. These toxins are called the alkaloids- found in a plant known as the Ponderosa pines as it burns. A variety of natural compounds released from the plant matter has been seen through tiny particles. This is said to be one of the many plant toxins that may pose harm to mankind. Other plant toxins include: cyanogens found in Cassava roots, gossypol from cotton seeds and phyto- oestrogens that are usually found in clover and soybeans, amanita phalloides from mushrooms. These toxins can cause diseases of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, nervous system, reproductive system and the liver.</span></div><div align="justify"><br />
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</div><div align="justify"><span style="color: blue;">ANIMAL TOXINS</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: blue;">With the diverse types of naturally occurring toxins of the animals, the orion proteins of the mammalian meat and bone meal recently emerged as essential food contaminants. A harmless animal tissue components having the capacity to transform themselves to become agents that can possibly cause fatal neurological lesions in a wide range species. The bovine spongiform encephalopathy is a major disease of cattle in the United Kingdom has become significant in identifying these prions. As to this is the human equivalent - new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). The incidence of vCJD in humans has been linked to the consumption of BSE-infected beef. Other examples of toxins from animals include: insects, snakes, lizards, fish and frogs, and the commonly known arachnids- spiders, ticks and scorpions. </span></div><div align="justify"><br />
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</div><div align="justify"><span style="color: blue;">Note: BE AWARE OF THE PLANTS OR ANIMALS THAT YOU EAT! </span></div>sonnyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15322459954054685448noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1774056004206051532.post-74792078772391794192011-06-14T05:24:00.000-07:002011-06-14T05:54:50.122-07:00THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND<div style="color: #45818e;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">As I live my life day by day</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">My body works in simple ways</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">With its different parts</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">Oh well, its true!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">They really function for me and you</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">One is the greatest Pituitary Gland</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">Located in the brain of every human</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">Such secretes several hormones</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">And this is how the action goes…</span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">We’ll start of first with these two hormones</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">FSH and LH- that makes a woman blow</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">A blow that signals the sperm to go</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">So that a baby will soon follow</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">Next is the mom’s problem on lactation</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">That’s why the body asks of this hormone</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">This is called the Prolactin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">Which facilitates the milk- making</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">Then the ACTH has its own way</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">On how to help the body stay</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">Stay on how it’s supposed to be</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">Salt, sugar and sex- a balance with these three!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">When you need something to be done</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">Ask pituitary to release one</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">Thyroid hormone, that would be</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">Fuelled by TSH essentially</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">Lastly is the one I love</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">Who I think everybody wants</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">It is the Growth Hormone that helps us grow</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">Especially if released in proper dose :)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">This is one of the functions I know</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">That takes place inside of you</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">Something that is so important</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #45818e;"><span lang="EN-PH">And you should know the worth of such!</span></div>sonnyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15322459954054685448noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1774056004206051532.post-88322949055850154672011-05-17T06:36:00.000-07:002011-05-17T06:36:07.797-07:00DEFINITION OF ENDOCRINOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY & DRUG TESTING<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt;"><b>ENDOCRINOLOGY</b></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt;">Endocrinology</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt;"> is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">endocrine system</span> and its specific secretions called <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">hormones</span>. It includes the study of <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">hormones</span>, their <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">receptors</span>, the <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">intracellular</span> signalling pathways they invoke, and the diseases and conditions associated with them. In the practice of medicine, this is often paired with the study of <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">diabetes</span> and <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">metabolism</span>. Another common pairing of endocrinology is with reproductive medicine and <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">infertility</span>. An Endocrinologist is a doctor who specializes in treating such disorders. They<span> </span>treat disorders of the <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">pituitary</span>, including growth disorders; diseases of the <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">thyroid</span>; diseases of the <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">adrenal</span> glands; diseases of the <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">ovary</span> and <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">testes</span>; and <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">diabetes</span>, a disorder of insulin secretion or sensitivity</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal;">The field of endocrinology is rapidly changing, as new therapies and diagnostic methods make their mark and as new research add to our understanding of the optimal treatment of conditions such as diabetes, osteoporosis, and thyroid disease.</span></em></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-PH" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt;">TOXICOLOGY</span></b></div><div> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt;">Toxicology is the study of dynamic interaction of chemicals with living systems. In a broader sense, it has something to do with the study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical or biological agents on people, animals, and the environment. It is also the <i>workhorse</i> science of numerous industries and regulatory agencies—from those involved with development and regulation of food additives to those involved with the use and remediation of hazardous chemicals. While toxicologists are the scientists trained to investigate, interpret, and communicate the nature of those effects.</span><span lang="EN-PH" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt;">Before drug candidates can be tested in human studies, preclinical toxicology studies determine the dose at which the drug candidate has toxic effects. Typically, animals are dosed with the drug candidate until a toxic effect is observed. Using standard light microscope-based histology, the toxic lesions are studied in an effort to explain the toxicological event. If light microscopy does not reveal the nature of the lesion then more in-depth studies using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are needed.<br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><b><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal;">DRUG TESTING</span></b></em></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt;">Drug test is a</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt;">n examination of biologic material such as <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">urine</span>, hair, saliva, or <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">sweat</span>, to detect the presence of specific drugs and determine prior drug use. Drug tests may be performed to detect illegal drug use as well as the use of drugs and substances not permitted in specific occupations or athletic competitions. This is also known as drug screen.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt;">D</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt;">rug abuse testing by blood, urine, saliva or any other method</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt;"> (except forensic hair analysis)</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt;"> is designed only to detect whether or not a specific drug or drug metabolite is present</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt;"> at the time the test is performed</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt;">. While there are very broad estimates as to how long a particular drug may have been in the syste. It is said that no drug test, regardless of method, is intended to include a time variable. Many factors unique to the individual being tested determine the actual half-life of the particular drug including such variables as age, weight,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt;"> body fat index,</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt;"> sex, metabolic rate, overall health</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt;"> and</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt;"> amount of drug consumed over what period of time. Therefore, no conclusions can be drawn as to when a particular drug was taken or how much was consumed with any type of drug abuse test. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11pt;">If it is desired to screen for historical drug use, a forensic laboratory hair analysis test <a href="http://www.craigmedical.com/Hair_Drug_Test.htm"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"></span></a>is available that will screen for illicit drug use up to 90 days dependent on hair sample length.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>sonnyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15322459954054685448noreply@blogger.com0